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Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins such as receptors between the daughter cells. An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche.

Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating. Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is a form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years without controversy. Research shows that stem cell implantation helps in strengthening the left-ventricle of the heart, as well as retaining the heart tissue to patients who have suffered from heart attacks in the past.

Stem cell treatments may lower symptoms of the disease or condition that is being treated. The lowering of symptoms may allow patients to reduce the drug intake of the disease or condition. Stem cell treatment may also provide knowledge for society to further stem cell understanding and future treatments. Stem cell treatments may require immunosuppression because of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the person's previous cells, or because the patient's immune system may target the stem cells.

One approach to avoid the second possibility is to use stem cells from the same patient who is being treated. Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type. It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed, because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly. Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types. Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation; [84] pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells.

Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency. Some of the fundamental patents covering human embryonic stem cells are owned by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation WARF — they are patents 5,,, 6,,, and 7,, invented by James A. WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists, but does enforce them against companies. The decision on one of the patents 7,, was appealable, while the decisions on the other two were not.

Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes , heart disease , and other conditions. In more recent years, with the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells , and with scientists' growing ability to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells , controversy has crept in, both related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury account for a substantial number of failures of new drugs in development and market withdrawal, highlighting the need for screening assays such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Making the call

Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. This article is about the cell type. For the medical therapy, see Stem cell therapy. For the journal, see Stem Cells journal. For the journal, see Stem Cell Research journal. Transmission electron micrograph of a mesenchymal stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics.

Main article: Cell potency. Main article: Embryonic stem cell. Human embryonic stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer.

Further information: Cell cycle. Main article: Adult stem cell. Main article: Induced pluripotent stem cell. Main article: Stem cell line.

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Main article: Stem cell therapy. Further information: Consumer Watchdog vs. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Handbook of Stem Cells. Academic Press. Bibcode : Natur. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy. Pew Research Center.

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Archived from the original on November 9, Retrieved April 13, Australian Family Physician. Retrieved 3 December USask News. University of Saskatchewan. Mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental, 25, — September Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. Humanbiotechnology as Social Challenge. Ashgate Publishing. Engineering of Stem Cells. Bibcode : esc..

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Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. Experimental Hematology. Apollo Medicine. Bibcode : Sci Developmental biology Tenth ed. Sunderland, Mass. Nature Reviews. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on Retrieved Nature Biotechnology. International Journal of Cell Biology.

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The Wall Street Journal. Geron Ends Clinical Trial". Frontiers in Bioscience. Stem Cells and Development.

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Experimental Biology and Medicine. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. Journal of Cellular Physiology. Stem Cells: From Benchtop to Bedside. World Scientific. Persaud, and A. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier. Mayo foundation for medical education and research n.

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